Todo
- Add farinye-type preterite
- Add mai-type verbs
The Aorist Stem
Ablaut in Aorist Stems
Aorist stem is formed from a verb stem with either a short- or zero-grade ablaut:
- zero-grade: formative and long verbs in aorist and future, other conjugations in all tenses;
- short-grade: formative and long verbs in preterite.
Note
- Derivative and causative conjugations have only zero-grade stem (→@@).
- The u-verbs don't have a short-grade ablaut.
- Basic and a-verbs use short-grade ablaut only in derivational morphology, but not as a part of tense conjugation.
Thematic and Athematic Aorists
Forms built on the aorist stem follow either a thematic or an athematic conjugation.
- thematic conjugation: all causative tense forms, aorist and preterite tense forms of derivative and a-verbs, aorist tense form of long and formative verbs.
- athematic conjugation: all basic and u-verbs tense forms, preterite and future tense forms of long and formative verbs, future tense forms of derivative and a-verbs.
Late Tarquesta
In preterite a-verbs became athematic: far-a-
> far-ne
.
Tense Endings
Tense endings are added after a theme vowel in thematic conjugations, or directly to stem in athematic conjugations.
- aorist tense endings:
-ë
in basic, nil everywhere else. - preterite tense ending:
-(n)e
. - future tense ending:
-uva
.
Exception
The u-verbs might receive the aorist tense-ending when unmarked for number or person, but drop it before secondary ending: haru-
> haru(ë)
> harun
.
Sound Changes in Tense Stems
Several sound changes become apparent in aorist stems. The most important is metathesis (@@), discussed below. For rhotacism and other, more obscure changes, @@.
Metathesis occurs in preterite tense of athematic conjugation, except for u-verbs, and might involve assimilation (@@): cat-
> cat-ne
> cante
, tup-
> tup-ne
> tumpe
, sulup-
> sulup-ne
> sulumpe
.
Verbs which experience metathesis:
- ending in voiceless stops
-p
,-t
,-c
:cap-ne > campe
,mat-ne > mante
,ruc-ne > runce
; - ending in voiced stop
-d
:red-ne > rende
; - ending in fricatives
-f
,-h
,-z
:raf-ne > rappe
,lah-ne > lacce
,cez-ne > cesse
; - ending in
-l
:tul-ne > tulle
; - ending in
-s
:hlas-ne > hlasse
.
Note
Ending in -l
commonly had an alternative form without metathesis: tul-ne > tulde
.
Late Tarquesta
The combination -mne
was pronounced /nne/, but it was not reflected in spelling: nemne
/nenne/.
Overview of Regular Forms
Examples (short-grade ablaut stems and thematic vowels are highlighted):
verb stem | aorist tense stem | preterite tense stem | future tense stem | |
---|---|---|---|---|
basic | cen- | cen-ë | cen-ne | cen-uva |
vocalic u | lir-u- | lir-u-(ë) | lir-u-ne | lir-u-uva > lirúva |
long | talat- | talt-a-ø | talat-ne > talante | talt-uva |
formative (a) | sir-y- | sir-y-a-ø | siri-y-ne > sirinye | sir-y-uva |
formative (b) | lah-t- | lah-t-a-ø | laha-t-ne > lahante | lah-t-uva |
vocalic a | far-a- | far-a-ø | far-a-ne | far-uva |
derivative | tengu-a- | tengu-a-ø | tengu-a-ne | tengu-uva > tengúva |
causative (a) | tul-ya- | tul-y-a-ø | tul-y-a-ne | tul-y-a-uva |
causative (b) | tul-ta- | tul-t-a-ø | tul-t-a-ne | tul-t-a-uva |
Particular Formations
Spurious Verbs
It happens that in different tenses some verbs belong to different conjugations. The reasons for that vary, but all those verbs are usually easily recognized, and more importantly, they behave regularly within the selected conjugation. We can find:
- spurious u-verbs: they behave like basic verbs in aorist and preterite:
micu-
> aoristmiquë
, preteriteminque
; but like u-verbs in future:micu-uva
>micúva
; - spurious formatives: they behave like formative verbs in aorist and future:
cay-t-
> aoristcaita
, futurecaituva
; but like basic verbs in preterite:cay-ne
>caine
; - spurious s-verbs: they behave like formative verbs in aorist and future:
cal-s-
> aoristcalarya
, futurecalaryuva
; but like long verbs in preterite:cala-s-ne
>calasse
;
Spurious u-Verbs
There are two types of spurious u-verbs:
- verbs ending in a velar consonant:
micu-
,nicu-
; - defective basic verbs which were partially displaced by u-verbs:
lir-
,cel-
.
verb stem | aorist tense stem | preterite tense stem | future tense stem |
---|---|---|---|
nicu- | niqu-ë | niqu-ne > ninque, nic-u-ne | nicu-uva > nicúva |
lir- | lir-ë | lir-ne, lir-u-ne | lir-u-uva > lirúva |
The preference for a form in preterite is sporadic and varies from author to author.
Spurious Formative Verbs
The basic verbs ending in a semivowel largely blended with the formative verbs from the same historical root. Such verbs show variant forms in preterite:
verb stem | aorist tense stem | preterite tense stem | future tense stem |
---|---|---|---|
cay-(t)- | cay-t-a-ø | caya-t-ne > ceante, cay-ne > caine | cay-t-uva |
law-(t)- | law-t-a-ø | lawa-t-ne > loante, law-ne > laune | law-t-uva |
law-(y)- | law-y-a-ø | lawa-y-ne > loanye, law-ne > laune | law-y-uva |
The spurious verbs with y
-extension were rare, but basic preterite for t
-extension was regular.
Late Tarquesta
Eventually formative verbs were brought into line and became regular. Basic forms which persisted commonly transferred to long peterite (see below).
Spurious s-Verbs
Formative verbs with -s-
largely merged with formative (a) conjugation, but have long conjugation in preterite:
verb stem | aorist tense stem | preterite tense stem | future tense stem |
---|---|---|---|
cal-s- | cala-s-y-a-ø > calarya | cala-s-ø-ne > calasse | cala-s-y-uva > calaryuva |
Warning
Spurious s-vebs have only short-grade ablaut form.
Augmented Preterite
A special group of formative verbs of √tā shape might form preterite from inverted root with an augment: is-t-
> i-si-t-ne
> isinte
, or-t-
> o-ro-t-ne
> oronte
. The resulting form is superficially the same as from short-grade ablaut: isi-t-ne
> isinte
, orot-ne
> oronte
. However, the augment is not a part of the stem, and can be freely omitted, especially if following a vowel (elision, @@): sinte
, ronte
. The vowel of a short-grade ablaut stem can't be elided.
Long Preterite
Some basic and formative verbs show a lengthened-grade ablaut in preterite:
- verbs ending in
-b
or-w
:lab-
>láve
,tyaw-
>tyáve
; - verbs ending in
-d
beside regular-nde
sometimes reformed either after regular-r
verbs to no-metathesis-rne
:nid-
>nirne
; or, more commonly, to long preterite:yod-
>yóre
; - verbs in
-y
beside regular-ine
could have a long preterite form (see below):ray-
>ráie
;
Late Tarquesta
- later verbs in
-l
also formed a long preterite:tul-
>túle
; - eventually such forms started to spread and become more common:
car-
>cáre
.
Long Future and Contract Future
Basic verbs ending in -b
or -w
show an irregular future form depending on its root vowel:
- if root vowel is
-o-
or-u-
, the future ending is-ua
:tub-
>tuvua
; - with any other root vowel, the final consonant is dropped:
lab-
>la-ø-uva
>lauva
.
Verbs in -ea
A small and rare group of verbs which show -ea
in aorist tenses comprises basic verbs with stems in -ay
and a-verbs ending in -e(g)a
:
verb stem | aorist tense stem | preterite tense stem | future tense stem | |
---|---|---|---|---|
basic | ray- | ray-ë > rea | ray-ne > raine | ray-uva |
vocalic a | te(g)a- | te-a-ø | te(g)-ne > tenge | te-uva |
Note
Since basic verbs in -y
became spurious, they typically show formative forms in aorist and future tense, but basic form in preterite: ray-
> aorist raita
, future raituva
, but preterite raine
(instead of regular formative raya-t-ne
> reante
).
But verbs which kept basic conjugation, commonly employed long preterite: ray-
> ráie
, cay-
> cáie
.
Formative-Derivative and Causative-Derivative
The derivative verbs which make use of additional suffixes like -t
, -s
or -ta
technically belong to either formative or causative conjugation, except that just like derivative verbs, they have no ablaut.
Verbs with addition of -s
were spurious (see above): they had formative (a) forms in aorist and future tense, but joined long conjugation in preterite.
Warning
Verbs with -nta
suffix were derivative-proper: telco-nta
> preterite telcontane
, future telcontuva
(not causative **telcontauva
).
verb stem | aorist tense stem | preterite tense stem | future tense stem | |
---|---|---|---|---|
formative (a) | tenca-s- | tenca-s-y-a-ø | tenca-s-ø-ne | tenca-s-y-uva |
formative (b) | tenca-t- | tenca-t-a-ø | tenca-t-ne | tenca-t-uva |
derivative | tenca-ta- | tenca-t-a-ø | tenca-t-á-ne | tenca-t-a-uva |
For the rhythmic lengthening tencatáne
, → 2.