The Perfect Stem

Todo

  • Add mai-type verbs
  • Fix etenguie

Ablaut in Perfect Stems

Perfect stem is formed from a verb stem with either a zero- or lengthened-grade ablaut:

  • zero-grade: causative and derivative verbs;
  • lengthened-grade: basic verbs, a-verbs, u-verbs, and formative verbs.

Exception

Long verbs make their perfect tense stem with short-grade ablaut, see below.

Reminder

Derivative and causative conjugations have only zero-grade stem (→@@).

Long conjugations have no lengthened-grade stem.

Thematic and Athematic Perfects

Forms built on the perfect stem follow either a thematic or an athematic conjugation.

  • thematic conjugation: derivative and causative verbs.
  • athematic conjugation: all other verbs.

Tense Endings

Tense endings are added after a theme vowel in thematic conjugations, or directly to stem in athematic conjugations.

  • thematic ending: -nie, also in long verbs;
  • athematic ending: -ie.

Overview of Regular Forms

Examples (lengthened-grade ablaut stems and thematic vowels are highlighted):

Error

  • etenguanie >> etenguie
verb stem perfect tense stem
basic cen- e-cén-ie
vocalic u lir-u- i-lír-u-ie
long talat- a-talat-nie > atalantie
formative (a) sir-y- i-sír-y-ie > isírie
formative (b) is-t- is-ís-ø-ie
vocalic a far-a- a-fár-ie
derivative tengu-a- e-tengu-a-nie
causative (a) tul-ya- u-tul-y-a-nie
causative (b) tul-ta- u-tul-t-a-nie

Late Tarquesta

Since in lengthened-grade stems formatives (a) and (b) have essentially the same form, the alternative short-grade forms developped to distinguish them: is-t- > isi-t-nie > isintie.

To-Do

  • Perfect from the preterite forms like engie, lambie, alahtie.