The Perfect Stem
Это содержимое пока не доступно на вашем языке.
Ablaut in Perfect Stems
Perfect stem is formed from a verb stem with either a zero- or lengthened-grade ablaut:
- zero-grade: causative and derivative verbs;
- lengthened-grade: basic verbs, a-verbs, u-verbs, and formative verbs.
Thematic and Athematic Perfects
Forms built on the perfect stem follow either a thematic or an athematic conjugation.
- thematic conjugation: derivative and causative verbs.
- athematic conjugation: all other verbs.
Tense Endings
Tense endings are added after a theme vowel in thematic conjugations, or directly to stem in athematic conjugations.
- thematic ending:
-nie, also in long verbs; - athematic ending:
-ie.
Overview of Regular Forms
Examples (lengthened-grade ablaut stems and thematic vowels are highlighted):
| verb stem | perfect tense stem | |
|---|---|---|
| basic | cen- | e-cén-ie |
| vocalic u | lir-u- | i-lír-u-ie |
| long | talat- | a-talat-nie > atalantie |
| formative (a) | sir-y- | i-sír-y-ie > isírie |
| formative (b) | is-t- | is-ís-ø-ie |
| vocalic a | far-a- | a-fár-ie |
| derivative | tengu-a- | e-tengu-a-nie |
| causative (a) | tul-ya- | u-tul-y-a-nie |
| causative (b) | tul-ta- | u-tul-t-a-nie |